Instances of the United States overthrowing, or attempting to overthrow,

 a foreign government since the Second World War.

(* indicates successful ouster of a government)

China 1949 to early 1960s

Albania 1949-53

East Germany 1950s

Iran 1953 *

Guatemala 1954 *

Costa Rica mid-1950s

Syria 1956-7

Egypt 1957

Indonesia 1957-8

British Guiana 1953-64 *

Iraq 1963 *

North Vietnam 1945-73

Cambodia 1955-70 *

Laos 1958 *, 1959 *, 1960 *

Ecuador 1960-63 *

Congo 1960 *

France 1965

Brazil 1962-64 *

Dominican Republic 1963 *

Cuba 1959 to present

Bolivia 1964 *

Indonesia 1965 *

Ghana 1966 *

Chile 1964-73 *

Greece 1967 *

Costa Rica 1970-71

Bolivia 1971 *

Australia 1973-75 *

Angola 1975, 1980s

Zaire 1975

Portugal 1974-76 *

Jamaica 1976-80 *

Seychelles 1979-81

Chad 1981-82 *

Grenada 1983 *

South Yemen 1982-84

Suriname 1982-84

Fiji 1987 *

Libya 1980s

Nicaragua 1981-90 *

Panama 1989 *

Bulgaria 1990 *

Albania 1991 *

Iraq 1991

Afghanistan 1980s *

Somalia 1993

Yugoslavia 1999-2000 *

Ecuador 2000 *

Afghanistan 2001 *

Venezuela 2002 *

Iraq 2003 *

Haiti 2004 *

Somalia 2007 to present

Honduras 2009 *

Libya 2011 *

Syria 2012

Ukraine 2014 *

Q: Why will there never be a coup dtat in Washington?

A: Because there no American embassy there.

The following timeline describes just a few of the hundreds of atrocities and crimes committed by the CIA.

(1) CIA operations follow the same recurring script. First, American business interests abroad are threatened by a popular

or democratically elected leader. The people support their leader because he intends to conduct land reform,

strengthen unions, redistribute wealth, nationalize foreign-owned industry, and regulate business to

 protect workers, consumers and the environment.

So, on behalf of American business,

and often with their help, the CIA mobilizes the opposition. First it identifies

right-wing groups within the country (usually the military), and offers them a deal:

"We'll put you in power if you maintain a favorable business climate for us."

The Agency then hires, trains and works with them to overthrow the existing government

(usually a democracy). It uses every trick in the book: propaganda, stuffed ballot boxes,

purchased elections, extortion, blackmail, sexual intrigue, false storiesabout opponents in the local media,

 infiltration and disruption of opposing political parties, kidnapping, beating, torture, intimidation,

economic sabotage, death squadsand even assassination. These efforts culminate in a military coup,

which installs a right-wing dictator.

(2) Former State Department official William Blum correctly calls this an "American Holocaust."

The CIA justifies these actions as part of its war against communism. But most coups do not involve a

communist threat. Unlucky nations are targeted for a wide variety of reasons: not only threats to American

business interests abroad, but also liberal or even moderate social reforms, political instability, the unwillingness

 of a leader to carry out Washington dictates and declarations of neutrality in the Cold War.

 Indeed, nothing has infuriated CIA Directors quite like a nations desire to stay out of the Cold War.

The ironic thing about all this intervention is that it frequently fails to achieve American objectives.

Often the newly installed dictator grows comfortable with the security apparatus the CIA has built for him.

 He becomes an expert at running a police state. And because the dictator knows he cannot be overthrown,

he becomes independent and defiant of Washington's will. The CIA then finds it cannot overthrow him,

because the police and military are under the dictator's control, afraid to cooperate with American spies for

fear of torture and execution. The only two options for the U.S. at this point are impotence or war.

 Examples of this "boomerang effect"

 include the Shah of Iran, General Noriega and Saddam Hussein. The boomerang effect also explains

 why the CIA has proven highly successful at overthrowing democracies, but a wretched failure at overthrowing dictatorships.

The following timeline should confirm that the CIA as we know it should be abolished and replaced by a true information-gathering

and analysis organization. The CIA cannot be reformed it is institutionally and culturally corrupt.

1929
The culture we lost

 Secretary of State Henry Stimson refuses to endorse a code-breaking

 operation, saying, "Gentlemen do not read each others mail."

1941
COI created

In preparation for World War II, President Roosevelt creates the Office of Coordinator of Information (COI).

General William "Wild Bill" Donovan heads the new intelligence service.

1942
OSS created

 Roosevelt restructures COI into something more suitable for covert action, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

Donovan recruits so many of the nation rich and powerful that eventually people joke that "OSS" stands for

 "Oh, so social!" or "Oh, such snobs!"

1943
Italy

 Donovan recruits the Catholic Church in Rome to be the center of Anglo-American spy operations in Fascist Italy.

This would prove to be one of America most enduring intelligence alliances in the Cold War.

1945
OSS is abolished

 The remaining American information agencies cease covert actions and return

 to harmless information gathering and analysis.

Operation PAPERCLIP

 While other American agencies are hunting down Nazi war criminals for arrest, the U.S. intelligence community is

smuggling them into America, unpunished, for their use against the Soviets. The most important of these is Reinhard Gehlen,

Hitler master spy who had built up an intelligence network in the Soviet Union. With full U.S. blessing,

 he creates the "Gehlen Organization," a band of refugee Nazi spies who reactivate their networks in Russia.

These include SS intelligence officers Alfred Six and Emil Augsburg (who massacred Jews in the Holocaust),

 Klaus Barbie (the "Butcher of Lyon"), Otto von Bolschwing (the Holocaust mastermind who worked with Eichmann)

 and SS Colonel Otto Skorzeny(a personal friend of Hitler).

The Gehlen Organization supplies the U.S. with itsonly intelligence on the Soviet Union

for the next ten years, serving as a bridge between the abolishment of the OSSand the creation of the CIA.

However, much of the "intelligence" the former Nazis provide is bogus. Gehlen inflates Soviet military capabilitiesat

a time when Russia is still rebuilding its devastated society, in order to inflate his own importance to the Americans

 (who might otherwise punish him). In 1948, Gehlen almost convinces the Americans that war is imminent, and the West should

 make a preemptive strike. In the 50s he produces a fictitious "missile gap." To make matters worse,the Russians

have thoroughly penetrated the Gehlen Organization with double agents,undermining the very American security

 that Gehlen was supposed to protect.

1947
Greece

 President Truman requests military aid to Greece to support right-wing forces fighting communist rebels.

 For the rest of the Cold War, Washington and the CIA will back notorious Greek leaders

 with deplorable human rights records.

CIA created

 President Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947,

creating the Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Council.

The CIA is accountable to the president through the NSC there is no democratic or congressional oversight.

 Its charter allows the CIA to "perform such other functions and duties� as the National Security Council

may from time to time direct." This loophole opens the door to covert action and dirty tricks.

1948
Covert-action wing created

The CIA recreates a covert action wing, innocuously called the Office of Policy Coordination, led by Wall Street lawyer Frank Wisner.

According to its secret charter, its responsibilities include "propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti sabotage,

 demolition and evacuation procedures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist

elements in threatened countries of the free world."Italy  The CIA corrupts democratic elections in Italy, where Italian communists threaten to win the elections.

The CIA buys votes, broadcasts propaganda, threatens and beats up opposition leaders, and infiltrates and disrupts their organizations.

It works and the communists are defeated.

1949
Radio Free Europe 

The CIA creates its first major propaganda outlet, Radio Free Europe. Over the next several decades, its broadcasts are so blatantly false

that for a time it is considered illegal to publish transcripts of them in the U.S. Late 40s Operation MOCKINGBIRD

The CIA begins recruiting American news organizations and journalists to become spies and disseminators of propaganda.

The effort is headed by Frank Wisner, Allan Dulles, Richard Helms and Philip Graham. Graham is publisher of The Washington Post,

which becomes a major CIA player. Eventually, the CIA media assets will include ABC, NBC, CBS, Time, Newsweek, Associated Press,

United Press International, Reuters, Hearst Newspapers, Scripps-Howard, Copley News Service and more. By the CIA own admission,

 at least 25 organizations and 400 journalists will become CIA assets.

1953
Iran

CIA overthrows the democratically elected Mohammed Mossadegh in a military coup, after he threatened to nationalize British oil.

The CIA replaces him with a dictator, the Shah of Iran, whose secret police, SAVAK, is as brutal as the Gestapo.

Operation MK-ULTRA  Inspired by North Korea brainwashing program, the CIA begins experiments on mind control. The most notorious part of this

project involves giving LSD and other drugs to American subjects without their knowledge or against their will, causing several to commit suicide.

 However, the operation involves far more than this. Funded in part by the Rockefeller and Ford foundations, research includes propaganda, brainwashing,

public relations, advertising, hypnosis, and other forms of suggestion.

1954
Guatemala

CIA overthrows the democratically elected Jacob Arbenz in a military coup. Arbenz has threatened to nationalize the Rockefeller-owned

United Fruit Company, in which CIA Director Allen Dulles also owns stock. Arbenz is replaced with a series of right-wing dictators whose bloodthirsty

 policies will kill over 100,000 Guatemalans in the next 40 years.

1954-1958
North Vietnam

CIA officer Edward Lansdale spends four years trying to overthrow the communist government of North Vietnam, using all the usual dirty tricks.

The CIA also attempts to legitimize a tyrannical puppet regime in South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem. These efforts fail to win the hearts and minds

of the South Vietnamese because the Diem government is opposed to true democracy, land reform and poverty reduction measures.

The CIA continuing failure results in escalating American intervention, culminating in the Vietnam War.

1956
Hungary

Radio Free Europe incites Hungary to revolt by broadcasting Khruschev Secret Speech, in which he denounced Stalin.

 It also hints that American aid will help the Hungarians fight. This aid fails to materialize as Hungarians launch a doomed armed revolt,

which only invites a major Soviet invasion. The conflict kills 7,000 Soviets and 30,000 Hungarians.

1957-1973
Laos

The CIA carries out approximately one coup per year trying to nullify Laos democratic elections.

The problem is the Pathet Lao, a leftist group with enough popular support to be a member of any coalition government.

 In the late 50s, the CIA even creates an "Armee Clandestine" of Asian mercenaries to attack the Pathet Lao.

After the CIA army suffers numerous defeats, the U.S. starts bombing, dropping more bombs on Laos

than all the U.S. bombs dropped in World War II. A quarter of all Laotians will eventually become refugees, many living in caves.

1959
Haiti

The U.S. military helps "Papa Doc" Duvalier become dictator of Haiti. He creates his own private police force,

 the "Tonton Macoutes," who terrorize the population with machetes.

They will kill over 100,000 during the Duvalier family reign. The U.S. does not protest their dismal human rights record.

1961
The Bay of Pigs

 The CIA sends 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade Castro Cuba. But "Operation Mongoose" fails, due to poor planning, security and backing.

 The planners had imagined that the invasion will spark a popular uprising against Castro  which never happens.

A promised American air strike also never occurs. This is the CIA first public setback, causing President Kennedy to fire CIA Director Allen Dulles.
 

Dominican Republic

The CIA assassinates Rafael Trujillo, a murderous dictator Washington has supported since 1930.

Trujillo business interests have grown so large (about 60 percent of the economy)

that they have begun competing with American business interests.

Ecuador

 The CIA-backed military forces the democratically elected President Jose Velasco to resign.

 Vice President Carlos Arosemana replaces him;

the CIA fills the now vacant vice presidency with its own man.
 

Congo (Zaire)

 The CIA assassinates the democratically elected Patrice Lumumba.

However, public support for Lumumba politics runs so high that the CIA

cannot clearly install his opponents in power. Four years of political turmoil follow.

1963
Dominican Republic

The CIA overthrows the democratically elected Juan Bosch in a military coup.

The CIA installs a repressive, right-wing junta.

Ecuador

A CIA-backed military coup overthrows President Arosemana, whose independent (not socialist)

policies have become unacceptable to Washington. A military junta assumes command,

cancels the 1964 elections, and begins abusing human rights.

1964
Brazil

A CIA-backed military coup overthrows the democratically elected government of Joao Goulart.

The junta that replaces it will, in the next two decades, become one of the most bloodthirsty in history.

 General Castelo Branco will create Latin America first death squads, or bands of secret police who hunt down "communists"

 for torture, interrogation and murder. Often these "communists" are no more than Branco political opponents.

 Later it is revealed that the CIA trains the death squads.

1965
Indonesia

The CIA overthrows the democratically elected Sukarno with a military coup. The CIA has been trying to eliminate Sukarno since 1957,

using everything from attempted assassination to sexual intrigue, for nothing more than his declaring neutrality in the Cold War.

His successor, General Suharto, will massacre between 500,000 to 1 million civilians accused of being "communist."

 The CIA supplies the names of countless suspects.

Dominican Republic

 A popular rebellion breaks out, promising to reinstall Juan Bosch as the country elected leader.

The revolution is crushed when U.S. Marines land to uphold the military regime by force.

 The CIA directs everything behind the scenes.

Greece

 With the CIA backing, the king removes George Papandreous as prime minister.

 Papandreous has failed to vigorously support U.S. interests in Greece.
 

Congo (Zaire)

A CIA-backed military coup installs Mobutu Sese Seko as dictator.

The hated and repressive Mobutu exploits his desperately poor country for billions.

1966
The Ramparts Affair

The radical magazine Ramparts begins a series of unprecedented anti-CIA articles.

Among their scoops: the CIA has paid the University of Michigan $25 million dollars to hire

"professors" to train South Vietnamese students in covert police methods. MIT and other universities

 have received similar payments. Ramparts also reveals that the National Students Association

is a CIA front. Students are sometimes recruited through blackmail and bribery,

 including draft deferments.

1967
Greece

 A CIA-backed military coup overthrows the government two days before the elections.

The favorite to win was George Papandreous, the liberal candidate. During the next six years, the

"reign of the colonels" backed by the CIA will usher in the widespread use of torture and murder

against political opponents. When a Greek ambassador objects to President Johnson

 about U.S. plans for Cypress, Johnson tells him: "Fuck your parliament and your constitution."

Operation PHOENIX

 The CIA helps South Vietnamese agents identify and then murder alleged Viet Cong leaders operating in

 South Vietnamese villages. According to a 1971 congressional report,

 this operation killed about 20,000 "Viet Cong."

1968
Operation CHAOS

The CIA has been illegally spying on American citizens since 1959, but with Operation CHAOS,

 President Johnson dramatically boosts the effort. CIA agents go undercover as student radicals to spy on.

 They are searching for Russian instigators, which they never find. CHAOS

will eventually spy on 7,000 individuals and 1,000 organizations.

Bolivia

A CIA-organized military operation captures legendary guerilla Che Guevara.

The CIA wants to keep him alive for interrogation, but the Bolivian government executes him

 to prevent worldwide calls for clemency.

1969
Uruguay

The notorious CIA torturer Dan Mitrione arrives in Uruguay, a country torn with political strife.

 Whereas right-wing forces previously used torture only as a last resort, Mitrione convinces them to use it as a routine,

widespread practice. "The precise pain, in the precise place, in the precise amount, for the desired effect," is his motto.

 The torture techniques he teaches to the death squads rival the Nazis. He eventually becomes so feared that revolutionaries

 will kidnap and murder him a year later.

1970
Cambodia

The CIA overthrows Prince Sahounek, who is highly popular among Cambodians for keeping them out of the Vietnam War.

 He is replaced by CIA puppet Lon Nol, who immediately throws Cambodian troops into battle. This unpopular move strengthens

once minor opposition parties like the Khmer Rouge, which achieves power in 1975 and massacres millions of its own people.

1971
Bolivia

After half a decade of CIA-inspired political turmoil, a CIA-backed military coup overthrows the leftist President Juan Torres.

In the next two years, dictator Hugo Banzer will have over 2,000 political opponents arrested without trial,

 then tortured, raped and executed.

Haiti

 "Papa Doc" Duvalier dies, leaving his 19-year old son "Baby Doc" Duvalier the dictator of Haiti.

His son continues his bloody reign with full knowledge of the CIA.

1972
The Case-Zablocki Act

Congress passes an act requiring congressional review of executive agreements.

In theory, this should make CIA operations more accountable. In fact, it is only marginally effective.

Cambodia

 Congress votes to cut off CIA funds for its secret war in Cambodia.

Watergate Break-in

 President Nixon sends in a team of burglars to wiretap Democratic offices at Watergate.

The team members have extensive CIA histories, including James McCord, E. Howard Hunt and five of the

 Cuban burglars. They work for the Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP), which does dirty work like

disrupting Democratic campaigns and laundering Nixon illegal campaign contributions. CREEP activities

 are funded and organized by another CIA front, the Mullen Company.
 

1973
Chile

The CIA overthrows and assassinates Salvador Allende, Latin America first democratically elected socialist leader.

The problems begin when Allende nationalizes American-owned firms in Chile. ITT offers the CIA $1 million for a coup (reportedly refused).

The CIA replaces Allende with General Augusto Pinochet, who will torture and murder thousands of his own countrymen

 in a crackdown on labor leaders and the political left. CIA begins internal investigations  William Colby, the Deputy Director for Operations,

orders all CIA personnel to report any and all illegal activities they know about.

This information is later reported to Congress.

Watergate Scandal

The CIA main collaborating newspaper in America, The Washington Post, reports Nixonr crimes long before any other newspaper

 takes up the subject. The two reporters, Woodward and Bernstein, make almost no mention of the CIA many fingerprints

all over the scandal. It is later revealed that Woodward was a Naval intelligence briefer to the White House, and knows

many important intelligence figures, including General Alexander Haig.His main source, "Deep Throat," is probably one of those.

CIA Director Helms Fired. President Nixon fires CIA Director Richard Helms for failing to help cover up the

 Watergate scandal. Helms and Nixon have always disliked each other. The new CIA director is William Colby,

who is relatively more open to CIA reform.

1974
CHAOS exposed

Pulitzer prize winning journalist Seymour Hersh publishes a story about Operation CHAOS, the domestic surveillance and

infiltration of anti-war and civil rights groups in the U.S. The story sparks national outrage. Angleton fired Congress holds

hearings on the illegal domestic spying efforts of James Jesus Angleton, the CIA chief of counterintelligence.

  His efforts included mail-opening campaigns and secret surveillance of war protesters. The hearings result in his dismissal from the CIA.

 House clears CIA in Watergate.

 The House of Representatives clears the CIA of any complicity in Nixon Watergate break-in.

The Hughes Ryan Act Congress passes an amendment requiring the president to report non intelligence CIA operations to the

relevant congressional committees in a timely fashion.

1975
Australia

 The CIA helps topple the democratically elected, left-leaning government of Prime Minister Edward Whitlam.

The CIA does this by giving an ultimatum to its Governor-General, John Kerr. Kerr, a longtime CIA collaborator,

 exercises his constitutional right to dissolve the Whitlam government. The Governor-General is a largely ceremonial position appointed by the Queen;

the Prime Minister is democratically elected. The use of this archaic and never-used law stuns the nation.

Angola

 Eager to demonstrate American military resolve after its defeat in Vietnam, Henry Kissinger launches a CIA-backed war in Angola.

 Contrary to Kissinger assertions, Angola is a country of little strategic importance and not seriously threatened by communism.

The CIA backs the brutal leader of UNITAS, Jonas Savimbi. This polarizes Angolan politics and drives his opponents into the arms

of Cuba and the Soviet Union for survival. Congress will cut off funds in 1976, but the CIA is able to run the war off the books

 until 1984, when funding is legalized again. This entirely pointless war kills over 300,000 Angolans.

"The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence"

Victor Marchetti and John Marks publish this whistle-blowing history of CIA crimes and abuses. Marchetti has spent 14

 years in the CIA, eventually becoming an executive assistant to the Deputy Director of Intelligence.

Marks has spent five years as an intelligence official in the State Department.

"Inside the Company"

Philip Agee publishes a diary of his life inside the CIA.

Agee has worked in covert operations in Latin America during the 60s,

 and details the crimes in which he took part.

Congress investigates CIA wrong-doing

Public outrage compels Congress to hold hearings on CIA crimes. Senator Frank Church heads the Senate

 investigation ("The Church Committee"), and Representative Otis Pike heads the House investigation.

 (Despite a 98 percent incumbency reelection rate, both Church and Pike are defeated in the next elections.)

The investigations lead to a number of reforms intended to increase the CIA accountability to Congress,

 including the creation of a standing Senate committee on intelligence. However, the reforms prove ineffective,

as the Iran/Contra scandal will show. It turns out the CIA can control, deal with or sidestep Congress with ease.

The Rockefeller Commission

In an attempt to reduce the damage done by the Church Committee, President Ford creates the

 "Rockefeller Commission" to whitewash CIA history and propose toothless reforms.

The commission namesake, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, is himself a major CIA figure.

Five of the commission eight members are also members of the Council on Foreign Relations,

 a CIA-dominated organization.

1979
Iran

The CIA fails to predict the fall of the Shah of Iran, a longtime CIA puppet, and the rise of Muslim fundamentalists

who are furious at the CIA backing of SAVAK, the Shah bloodthirsty secret police. In revenge,

the Muslims take 52 Americans hostage in the U.S. embassy in Tehran.
 

Afghanistan

The Soviets invade Afghanistan. The CIA immediately begins supplying arms to any faction willing to fight

the occupying Soviets.  Such indiscriminate arming means that when the Soviets leave Afghanistan,

 civil war will erupt. Also, fanatical Muslim extremists now possess state-of-the-art weaponry.

 One of these is Sheik Abdel Rahman, who will become involved in the World Trade Center

 bombing in New York.
 

El Salvador

An idealistic group of young military officers, repulsed by the massacre of the poor, overthrows the right-wing government.

 However, the U.S. compels the inexperienced officers to include many of the old guard in key positions in their

new government. Soon, things are back to "normal" the military government is repressing and killing poor civilian protesters.

Many of the young military and civilian reformers, finding themselves powerless, resign in disgust.
 

Nicaragua

 Anastasios Samoza II, the CIA-backed dictator, falls. The Marxist Sandinistas take over government,

 and they are initially popular because of their commitment to land and anti-poverty reform. Samoza had a murderous

and hated personal army called the National Guard. Remnants of the Guard will become the Contras,

who fight a CIA-backed guerilla war against the Sandinista government throughout the 1980s.

1980
El Salvador

The Archbishop of San Salvador, Oscar Romero, pleads with President Carter "Christian to Christian"

 to stop aiding the military government slaughtering his people. Carter refuses. Shortly afterwards, right-wing leader

 Roberto Dubuisson has Romero shot through the heart while saying Mass. The country soon dissolves into civil war,

with the peasants in the hills fighting against the military government. The CIA and U.S. Armed Forces supply the government

 with overwhelming military and intelligence superiority.

CIA-trained death squads roam the countryside, committing atrocities

like that of El Mazote in 1982, where they massacre between 700 and 1000 men,

women and children. By 1992, some 63,000 Salvadorans will be killed.

1981
Iran/Contra Begins

 The CIA begins selling arms to Iran at high prices, using the profits to arm the Contras fighting the Sandinista government

in Nicaragua. President Reagan vows that the Sandinistas will be "pressured" until "they say uncle".

 The CIAFreedom Fighter Manual disbursed to the Contras includes instruction on economic sabotage,

1983
Honduras

The CIA gives Honduran military officers the Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual 1983,

which teaches how to torture people. Honduras notorious "Battalion 316" then uses these techniques,

with the CIA full knowledge, on thousands of leftist dissidents. At least 184 are murdered.

1984
The Boland Amendment

The last of a series of Boland Amendments is passed. These amendments have reduced CIA aid to the Contras;

 the last one cuts it off completely. However, CIA Director William Casey is already prepared to "hand off"

 the operation to Colonel Oliver North, who illegally continues supplying the Contras through the CIA informal, secret,

and self-financing network. This includes "humanitarian aid" donated by Adolph Coors and William Simon,

and military aid funded by Iranian arms sales.

1986
Eugene Hasenfus Nicaragua

 shoots down a C-123 transport plane carrying military supplies to the Contras. The lone survivor, Eugene Hasenfus,

 turns out to be a CIA employee, as are the two dead pilots. The airplane belongs to Southern Air Transport, a CIA front.

The incident makes a mockery of President Reagan claims that the CIA is not illegally arming the Contras.
 

Iran/Contra Scandal

Although the details have long been known, the Iran/Contra scandal finally captures the media attention in 1986.

Congress holds hearings, and several key figures (like Oliver North) lie under oath to protect the intelligence community.

 CIA Director William Casey dies of brain cancer before Congress can question him.

All reforms enacted by Congress after the scandal are purely cosmetic.
 

Haiti 

Rising popular revolt in Haiti means that "Baby Doc" Duvalier will remain "President for Life" only if he has a short one.

The U.S., which hates instability in a puppet country, flies the despotic Duvalier to the South of France

for a comfortable retirement. The CIA then rigs the upcoming elections in favor of another right-wing

 military strongman. However, violence keeps the country in political turmoil for another four years.

The CIA tries to strengthen the military by creating the National Intelligence Service (SIN),

which suppresses popular revolt through torture and assassination.

1989
Panama

The U.S. invades Panama to overthrow a dictator of its own making, General Manuel Noriega.

Noriega has been on the CIA payroll since 1966, and has been transporting drugs with the CIA knowledge since 1972.

By the late 80s, Noriegagrowing independence and intransigence have angered Washington so out he goes.
 

Haiti

 Competing against 10 comparatively wealthy candidates, leftist priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide captures 68 percent of the vote.

After only eight months in power, however, the CIA-backed military deposes him.

More military dictators brutalize the country, as thousands of Haitian refugees escape the turmoil in barely seaworthy boats.

As popular opinion calls for Aristide return, the CIA begins a disinformation campaign painting the courageous

 priest as mentally unstable.

1991
The Gulf War

 The U.S. liberates Kuwait from Iraq. But Iraq dictator, Saddam Hussein, is another creature of the CIA. With U.S. encouragement,

Hussein invaded Iran in 1980. During this costly eight-year war, the CIA built up Hussein forces with sophisticated arms, intelligence,

 training and financial backing. This cemented Hussein power at home, allowing him to crush the many internal rebellions that erupted from time to time,

sometimes with poison gas. It also gave him all the military might he needed to conduct further adventurism in Kuwait, for example.

The Fall of the Soviet Union

 The CIA fails to predict this most important event of the Cold War.

 This suggests that it has been so busy undermining governments that it has been doing its primary job:

 gathering and analyzing information. The fall of the Soviet Union also robs the CIA of its reason for existence:

fighting communism. This leads some to accuse the CIA of intentionally failing to predict the downfall of the Soviet Union.

Curiously, the intelligence community痴 budget is not significantly reduced after the demise of communism.

1992
Economic Espionage

 In the years following the end of the Cold War, the CIA is increasingly used for economic espionage.

This involves stealing the technological secrets of competing foreign companies and giving them to American ones.

 Given the CIA clear preference for dirty tricks over mere information gathering,

the possibility of serious criminal behavior is very great indeed.

1993
Haiti

 The chaos in Haiti grows so bad that President Clinton has no choice but to remove the Haitian military dictator,

Raoul Cedras, on threat of U.S. invasion. The U.S. occupiers do not arrest Haiti military leaders for crimes against humanity,

but instead ensure their safety and rich retirements. Aristide is returned to power only after being forced

 to accept an agenda favorable to the country ruling class.

1931
Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations,

 infects human subjects with cancer cells. He later goes on to establish the US Army Biological Warfare facilities in Maryland,

Utah and Panama, and is named to the US Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of radiation exposure

experiments on American soldiers and civilian hospital patients.

1932
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness,

 are denied treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms of the disease.

They all subsequently die from syphilis, their families never told that they could have been treated.

1935
The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from Pellagra over a span of two decades,

 the US Public Health Service finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years

 that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occurred within poverty-stricken black populations.

1940
400 prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease.

Nazi doctors later on at the trial at Nuremberg cite this American study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.

1942
Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on approximately 4,000 servicemen.

The experiments continue until 1945 and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.

1943
In response to Japan full-scale germ warfare program, the US begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.

1944
US Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing. Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas and lewisite.

1945
Project Paperclip is initiated. The US State Department, Army intelligence and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists

 and offer them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top secret government projects in the United States.

OPERATION PAPERCLIP is implemented by the US Atomic Energy Commission.

This is the most extensive US study of the health effects of fluoride,

 which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride,

it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous system.

But much of the information is squelched in the name of national security because of fear

 that lawsuits would undermine full-scale production of atomic bombs.

1946
Patients in Veterans Administration hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments.

 In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to change the word experiments to investigations or observations

 whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of the nations veteran va hospitals.

1947
Colonel E. E. Kirkpatrick of the US Atomic Energy Commission issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947)

 stating that the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive substances to human subjects.

The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by American intelligence.

Gay human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and without their knowledge.

1948
The US government concludes a 2 year experiment on Guatemalans and US prison inmates.

 According to the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, from 1946 to 1948,

the US government paid the government in Guatemala to allow American doctors to purposely and secretly infect

 certain segments of the Guatemalan population with sexually transmitted diseases, some of them deadly.

1950
Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in desert areas and monitor downwind

 residents for medical problems and mortality rates. In an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city

would be to biological attack, the US Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring devices are situated

throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many residents become ill with  pneumonia-like symptoms.

1951
Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing bacteria and viruses.

Tests last through 1969 and there is concern that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.

1953
US military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne,

the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland and Leesburg Virginia. Their intent is to determine how efficiently they could

disperse chemical agents. Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of thousands

of people in New York City and San Francisco are exposed to the airborne germs Serratia marcescens and

Bacillus glogigii. CIA initiates Project MK Ultra. This is an eleven-year research program designed to produce

and test drugs and  biological agents that would be used for mind control and behavior modification.

Six of the subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting  human beings.

1955
The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human populations with biological agents,

releases a bacteria withdrawn from the Army biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, FL.

Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research, studying its potential use as a chemical incapacitating agent.

More than 1,000 Americans participate in the tests, which continue until 1958.

1956
US military releases mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever over Savannah, GA and Avon Park,

 FL. Following each test, Army agents posing as public health officials test victims for effects.

1960
The Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East.

 Testing of the European population is code named project Third Reich Chance.

 Testing of the Asian population is code named project dink Derby Hat.

1965
Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component

 of Agent Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of cancer,

which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen all along.

1966
CIA initiates project MK Often, a program to test the toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.

US Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the New York City subway system.

 More than a million civilians are exposed when Army scientists drop light bulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.

1967
CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MK Naomi, successor to MK Ultra and designed to maintain,

 stockpile and test biological and chemical weapons.

1968
CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by injecting chemicals

 into the water supply in Washington, DC.

1969
Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from Congress $10 million to develop,

within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.

1970
Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under HR 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA,

 is carried out by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the Army top secret biological weapons facility.

Speculation is raised that molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like retroviruses.United States

intensifies its development of ethnic weapons (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively

target and eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences and variations in DNA.

1975
The virus section of Fort Detrick Center for Biological Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities

and placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute. It is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the US Navy,

 purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity exists.

 It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).

1977
Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239 populated areas had been contaminated with

biological agents between 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington DC, Key West,

 Panama City, Minneapolis and St. Louis.

1978
Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco.

 Ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men butt pirates.

1981
First cases of AIDS are confirmed in rump ranger homosexual men in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco,

triggering speculation that AIDS may have been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine. do you want to supersize that?

1985
According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus,

 are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and evolutionary relationship.

1986
According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share all structural elements,

except for a small segment which is nearly identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been linked to produce a new

 retrovirus to which no natural immunity exists. A report to Congress reveals that the US government current generation of biological agents includes:

 modified viruses, naturally occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic engineering to change immunological character

and prevent treatment by all existing vaccines.

1987
Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research and development of biological agents,

 it continues to operate research facilities at 127 facilities and Universities around the nation.

1990
More than 1500 six-month old black and Hispanic babies in Los Angeles are given an experimental measles vaccine

 that had never been licensed for use in the US. CDC later admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine

 being injected into their children was experimental.

1994
With a technique called gene tracking, Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston,

TX discovers that many returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of Mycoplasmaincognitus, covid 19

a microbe commonly used in the production of biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the HIV

 protein coat, indicating that it had been man-made. Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for at least 50 years

 the Department of Defense has used hundreds of thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for intentional exposure to

dangerous substances. Materials included covid 19 mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemical, hallucinogens and drugs used during the Gulf War.

1995
US Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals and scientists who had performed human medical experiments

 salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological warfare research. Dr. Garth Nicolson,

 uncovers evidence that the biological agents used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston,

TX and Boca Raton, FL and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections.

1996
Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers

were exposed to chemical agents. forced anthrax vaccines.

1997
88 members of Congress sign a letter demanding an investigation

into biological weapons use and Gulf War Syndrome.